Multi-Hazard Performance-Based Design of Tall RC Buildings under Seismic and Wind Demands

In recent decades, rapid urbanization and rising population density have driven the global proliferation of tall buildings. The ability of these structures to efficiently resist both vertical and lateral loads has become a central challenge in their design. Performance-Based Design (PBD) provides a framework that moves beyond prescriptive codes, targeting explicit performance objectives such as life safety, immediate occupancy, and collapse prevention under varying hazard intensities. Within this framework, Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) ensures occupant safety during frequent earthquakes, structural integrity at design-level events, and collapse avoidance under rare extreme shaking. In parallel, Performance-Based Wind Design (PBWD) addresses not only ultimate strength but also serviceability concerns such as sway and acceleration, which are particularly critical for slender, tall structures. An integrated multi-hazard PBD approach enables engineers to reconcile the often-diverging performance demands of seismic and wind actions. Rather than designing for the dominant hazard, this methodology balances safety, functionality, and economy, while enhancing resilience and adaptability in multi-hazard-prone regions. This study presents a framework for multi-hazard PBD that simultaneously addresses seismic and wind performance criteria in tall buildings. An archetypal 25 storey reinforced-concrete office building, representative of modern high-rise construction in India, is examined. The building is designed in accordance with the current Indian building code and features doubly symmetric plans, regular elevations, and a dual lateral load-resisting system composed of shear walls and moment-resisting frames. The case study is situated in a zone with medium seismicity and high wind exposure. Performance evaluation is conducted through 3D nonlinear time-history analyses for both seismic and wind loading, following the guidelines of FEMA P-695 and the ASCE Pre-standard for Performance-Based Design. Resilience is quantified within the PBD framework by applying the FEMA P-58 methodology, enabling probabilistic estimation of damage, functionality loss, and recovery time under earthquake. The results highlight the effectiveness of a multi-hazard PBD framework in capturing both seismic and wind demands and moreover its flexibility in integrating basic resilience metrics.