Not so twin: how paradoxes undermine digital and sustainable transition in the public sector

Purpose This study aims to examine the main tensions that public administrations encounter when pursuing the twin transition, defined as the simultaneous advancement of digital transformation and sustainability goals. It explores how these tensions emerge, interact and influence policy implementation. Design/methodology/approach The analysis draws on a qualitative examination of thirty institutional reports and nine expert interviews. Using an abductive coding approach, the study identifies and classifies the paradoxes experienced by public administrations and assesses whether they act as generative (enabling) or pathological (constraining) forces. Findings Nine paradox types are identified. While most align with existing theory, two – technology vs sustainability and knowledge and awareness – span multiple dimensions, indicating a need to refine current theoretical categories. The results also show that paradoxes evolve over time, intersect with one another and shape the capacity of administrations to implement twin transition initiatives. Practical implications The findings offer public managers actionable guidance on how to recognize, prioritize and manage tensions through adaptive and inclusive governance approaches, helping turn paradoxes into drivers of organizational and policy innovation. Originality/value The study extends paradox theory to the context of the twin transition in public administration, offering a more nuanced classification and highlighting the dynamic, context-dependent nature of tensions. It provides a new interpretive framework and introduces governance innovations such as the proposal of a twin transition officer.