A Modular and Stakeholder-oriented Theory for Ecosystem Leadership and Governance

Framework of the research. In contemporary times, businesses and societies must navigate new, complex challenges that no single entity can resolve. These challenges stimulate modular contributions between a set of heterogeneous stakeholders that influence to the emergence of different forms of ecosystems characterised by various leadership models. Aim of the paper. This work discusses governance and leadership models that may emerge from different ecosystem forms. Methodology. To tackle this challenge, the authors conducted a theoretical study recognising the ecosystem as an intersection of modular and stakeholder theories. Results of the paper. This manuscript focuses on ecosystems’ creation and dynamics, emphasising that they are not always constructed through a top-down process. Instead, they grow spontaneously from deliberate, collaborative social, economic, public, and cultural activities driven by individual and contextual social, environmental, and economic needs. Originality of the paper. This work presents various governance and leadership models as representations of the application of theories and the key elements that stimulate and manage the ecosystem through a conceptual approach. Research limitations. This work represents a theoretical effort supported solely by case studies conducted through desk research. Managerial implications. This study aims to adapt the theoretical effort to identify diverse forms of ecosystem governance that integrate scientific knowledge and offer suggestions for policymakers.