Heterogeneity in entrepreneurial intent: the role of gender across countries

Purpose – This paper aims to improve knowledge of individual heterogeneity in affecting theentrepreneurial attitude, taking socioeconomic drivers under control thanks to a cross-country analysis.The authors operate a “selection” of proxy for individual heterogeneity, mainly based on gender,demographical features, personal attitude and intrinsic motivation.Design/methodology/approach – This exploration is supported by an empirical analysis based onthe Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), for the period 2001-2012, and for a selection of 37countries. It is expected that gender and further individual variables have an impact on the probabilityto become a nascent entrepreneur (e.g. age, level of education, self-confidence, social perception ofself-employment as career choice). This paper evaluates the degree of consistency of these variablesacross very dissimilar countries.Findings – Gender and confidence on own skill play a significant and consistent effect on theentrepreneurial attitude, so these personal features are, per se, the driving-strength of entrepreneurialintent. Conversely, fear of failure and belief on the status are not always statistically significant, or nothomogenous in their relationship: socioeconomic or country-specific characteristics are strong and sortout in an unpredictable relationship between these variables and the willingness to run new ventures.Research limitations/implications – A limited selection of individual features constrained byavailability of information from the GEM data set.Practical implications – The motivation of this paper is to focus-back attention on intra-individualfeatures that may affect entrepreneurship and to support evidence of whether individual heterogeneityis able to affect the entrepreneurial attitude, taking socioeconomic drivers under control.Social implications – An institutional and political commitment should be intensified to reduce thewaste of opportunities that is associated with any forms of self-exclusion from entrepreneurship, suchas those based on gender (being women) or (low) self-esteem.Originality/value – Due to the “individual” perspective, this paper adds to previous studies thatexploited the GEM data set because they mostly follow an institutional conceptual framework.